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However, it has been found that self-medication can slip towards self-medication with prescription medications and/or improper drug use such as misdiagnosis, low or high doses, and/or treatment duration. Self-medication when practiced correctly reduces the load on medical services, reduces the time spent in waiting to see the physician, and saves cost especially in economically deprived countries with limited healthcare resources. Lack of time, low cost consultation, and trust in medical doctor were reported as main reasons in other studies. Other reasons for self-medication among university students were their previous experiences, advice of family or friends, their health problems being considered as too trivial, time saving, nonavailability of transport, convenience, ability to self-manage the symptoms, urgency of the problem, doctor that was not available, and having sufficient information. Media exposure and the increase of pharmaceuticals advertisement pose a larger threat to this population as it was found that majority of college students used at least one of the advertised products, without discussing it with their physicians. Studies revealed that self-medication represents a common problem among university students. Self-medication patterns vary among different populations and are influenced by various features, such as age, gender, income and expenditure, self-care orientation, educational level, medical knowledge, satisfaction, and nonseriousness of illnesses. Self-medication with OTC medications is a worldwide public health problem and is more experienced in developing countries. Self-medication is defined as getting and consuming drug without the guidance of physician for either diagnosis, treatment, or supervision of the treatment generally involving over-the-counter (OTC) medications but also including prescription-only medicines (POM), at the same time it includes buying drugs by reutilizing/resubmitting a previous prescription, taking medicines on advice of relative or others, or consuming leftover medicines already available at home.
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Prevalence of self-medication among university students is high which constitutes a health problem that needs intervention. Being medical student, being from urban area, having good current health condition, being careless about health, and having drugs stored at home pharmacy were independently associated with the likelihood of self-medicating. Younger age, female, medical, and ever-married students and those having home pharmacy tended to self-medicate more than their peers with significant difference between them. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Mansoura University, Egypt, and included 1st and last year students of both medical and nonmedical faculties. To explore the prevalence of self-medication practices among university students, probable reasons, symptoms requiring self-medication, and sources of advice. Self-medication is a common practice in developed and developing countries. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years.Įxternal citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.Background. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.Įvolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. Management Science and Operations Research Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values. The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles.